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This article deals with controlling and its importance for the management within any army organization. It describes the relationship between controlling and accounting in the present establishment. There are defined all transformation steps of accounting converted into managerial accounting, as the best way of controlling process. At the end, there are some notices to the accounting system, costs/outputs; especially, the accounting of costs and outputs that could be applied in the near future.

The purpose of this article is to explain methods of the application of artillery fire, according to the width and shape of targets by artillery regiment (without rocket battery) and by artillery battery, if components/data for effective fire are set by substitute means, without computer with respective SW. The assignment of optimal method of artillery fire and its professional implementation has a great influence on FFE (fire for effect). For the sake of economy, live firing practice is executed only to a limited extend. Most of activities are carried out only in the field of command skills, keeping documents, commanders' performance and training gun crews; their reactions to commands and orders. The article is accompanied by several tablets with data concerning application of artillery fire, variable data for aiming devices, adjusted ranges of fire, widths of target divided into several sheaves of fire (converge sheaf, sheaf for target width), their corrections.

The Polish armed forces (Wojsko Polskie) are continuously redeveloped. This article written by Brig. Szymonik, the head of Science and School Department at the Ministry of National Defence, deals with general aspects of this process. The problem concerns not only of the Polish military by itself, it covers even all Polish defence industries. After entering the Polish Republic into common world's market, Polish defence industries must adapt themselves into this competitive environment. It is being done with the use of several international agencies, WEAG (Western European Armaments Group), IPC (NATO Industrial Planning Committee), and EAA (European Armaments Agency). He is a supporter of higher military expenditures, as the necessary prerequisite for introducing modern technologies into both defence plants and Polish armed forces.

Officially, we barred authorities from discriminating against people because of their race or gender. Women's rights guarantee that women will not face discrimination on the basis of their sex. The Armed Forces have opened up traditionally male roles to female recruits, but it became apparent that many women did not possess the strength necessary for their work. In military practice, some problems have arisen: especially during hard military drill and training. Injuries among female army personnel are increasing; they are several times higher than among male personnel. In author's opinion, this 'gender fair' policy has to be changedto a policy respecting gender differences. Even though in some cases physicalfitness both servicemen and servicewomen are identical, the tables of comparison M/F physical capabilities confirms and quantifies the excess risk for women when they undertake the same arduous training as male soldiers, and highlights the conflict between health and safety legislation and equal opportunities legislation.

It is an age-old problem, how to identify someone or something, to prevent from incidents, in which friendly forces fire on their own troops or vehicles by mistake, because of tiredness, exhaustion, psychological stress, technological defects, unforeseen circumstances, etc. Although there exists a technology carried specifically in an aircraft, combat vehicles, that utilizes coded radio signals to identify other friendly units, adopted measures are not always successful. In NATO, we have standardized systems for such identification: BTID-Battlefield Target Identification Device (for identification of vehicles and helicopters, STANAG 4579); and DSID-Dismounted Soldier Identification Device (for identification soldiers, STANAG 4630). At present, Germany (together with the United States) is in the lead of development system IFF. Systems are conceptually, technologically and tactically synthesized into ZEFF (ZielErkennung Freund-Feind), common for vehicles, helicopters, soldiers, as well as vehicles beyond the area of forces deployment. Source: Europäische Sicherheit magazine, 4/2006.

The Czech Republic is developing professional, highly mobile forces, with up-to-date arms, weapons, capable to take part in wide scope of Alliance or other multinational operations, even abroad, outside European territory. But this capacity depends on defence budget, on the percentage from our GDP allocated for military. From the part of the ACR, it will depend on effective spending, usefulness of used resources.

The basic purpose of this article is to introduce mentioned new military publication, recently compiled and prepared by the team of authors from the Czech Tradoc in Vyškov. This code should unify the practice within the ACR. It is not an internal normative rule (military manual), but it has validity of service document, under the authority of the Chief of Czech General Staff. In a way, it is the document of new generation, possessing doctrinal character. Principles explained in this publication are binding, but the ways of their application and usage depend solely on army commanders. The publication integrates, unifies and harmonizes military terminology in use, describe the preparation of units for foreign missions, military exercises and their evaluations (including respective documents), defines methods of planning namely at the level of company (battery), battalion (group), underlines significance of e-learning and so on.

We are aware of new and still increasing risks in the world, particularly in connection with the increase in terrorist activities. Broadly speaking, in building our professional army we enforce quality and efficiency, even with restricted means and sources, respecting our potential and on the basis of evaluation of interests of the Czech Republic, engagement in peace, stabilisation and other missions organised by NATO, the EU, or the UN. The author recapitulates all legislative acts, documents and papers, dealing with Czech military strategy, namely the Czech Republic's Military Strategy approved by the governmental resolution No. 578, June 9, 2004, that details principles of our defence policy. Now the author proposes to revise our military strategy in the year 2007, for-first: we successfully completed a phase called Initial Operating Capability; second, from this standard we can unroll further activities: operational engagement of brigade task force; third, in this very year we are evaluating transformation objectives for 2007-2011 (2012). Based upon this level of knowledge, we shall be able to draft new concepts of military strategy, e.g. to substitute current military strategy by defence strategy. The topic is open to discussion.

Soldiers are trained for combat situations. But peace missions are not tied with the fight. In some measure, they remind more civil police actions: patrolling, duties at sentry points. But still they are activities done by servicemen; those who retire are called "military veterans". Peacekeepers are exposed to high level of stress situations. People who experience a high level of stress for a long time may become irritable, socially withdrawn, and emotionally unstable. Some people under intense and prolonged stress may start to suffer from extreme anxiety, depression, or other severe emotional problems. All psychological research can be divided into two groups: first dealing with actual stress symptoms, the second one dealing with inner structure of individual stress. Discussed model was formed according the pattern of American airborne units deployed in the Sinai Peninsula. Dimensions of psychological stress in peacekeeping operations are formed above all by "boredom", the real threats are in fact at the end of risk scale. More stress reactions come after the mission ends. Such drafted model can be used also in the Army of the Czech Republic, or in international missions of the Police Force of the Czech Republic ...244

The proposals of systems approach are sometimes met with a negative acceptance. While solving difficult problems, army members exploit mere practical approaches and they proved to be successful. For that reason the author offers a short glimpse into systems thinking, as necessary starting point for pinpointing the cause of current difficulties. The system is any collection of component elements that work together to perform a task. In economic science, system is used in a variety of contexts. Military cost-effective system can be an essential programme that manage Planning Programming and Budgeting System, flexibly reacting to emerging military challenges resulting from new budget rules (based upon NATO doctrines). One of possible causes of disproportionate and undesirable reactions are wrongly set systems rules, e.g. in market systems manifested by the so-called risks factors. In the forces, the same position ought to be held by unified systems rules, taking into account individual economic subsystems (billing systems, spending elements, etc.), harmonizing them in terms of general independent economic principles.

As a boy of 17, in 1944, he joined the Czechoslovak Army Corps in the USSR, where he lived together with his parents. His father died while digging trenches, under the attack of German bombs. In the Czech Unit he underwent basis military training, coped with Morse code signals, and became a member of signal service. He was in action during the liberation of Czechoslovak borders. After the war, at home, he started to work in beer industry, as he graduated from brewery college. Finally he became the director of all breweries in Moravia. He retired in 1989. At present, he takes part in activities of the Czechoslovak Legionnaire Community; he was awarded several decorations and medals, e.g. Medal for Bravery, Medal for Gallantry in the face of Enemy, etc.

In April 2006, there was another symposium dealing with military professional terminology. Its main purpose was to evaluate experiences with introducing standardized terminology, their levels. Established in September 2004, the Terminology Committee introduces current NATO terminology into all branches of defence department, by means of Standardization Information System. At present, the Training and Doctrine Directorate in Vyškov studies the chance to develop similar database for operational terminology.

From economic point of view, the army of every nation spends immense sources from the state budget. To spent sources economically, the officers - managers economists have to be educated in economic science, i.e. they ought to acquire proper economic knowledge, systematically, during his military studies, in army college, or defence university. One of many things the ACR is missing is an economic course explaining army officials above all how to find adequate proportion between costs and incomes, not to make decision only intuitively.

Usually, there are many scholarly concepts able to be fixed to newly constituted branches of knowledge. Among others, this is the alternative and interdisciplinary concept of safety framework. Presented article deals with a competence of this concept to highlight many crucial aspects of this framework, originally transformed from a defence or armed safety. General ideas or notions correspond to some class of entities and that consists of the characteristic or essential features of security system. The conjunction of all characteristic security features and theoretical construct within a security are based upon German terms, e.g. Wehrstruktur (defence structure), Wehrverfassung (defence legislation), Wehrsystem (defence system). The study demands high predispositions for abstract way of thinking of readers. It is accompanied by two detailed charts to explain some author's concepts.

The first part of the article defines notions of the competence, the power, and the authority. Next part of the article deals with the assertion of the power and authority. Those terms are not the same. Whereas the power is universal, the authority of a commander is performed only within the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR), it does not go beyond. The authority presents the "right" or "duty"; the power is the capacity to implement authority, to fulfil intentions. Business, labour, educational, governmental and military systems depend on a hierarchy to carry out specialized tasks. Therefore the authorities are tied with individual levels of mentioned hierarchies. In the professional forces the formal authority is not enough. Professional warrior is an expert that can't be managed in ways the soldiers used to be, in the former conscript army. It is necessary for the commander to exercise natural authority, based upon knowledge, skills, all-round proficiency. Formal aspects of his authority are only secondary.

In today's conflicts, such as the Global War on Terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan, the threat is more difficult to define; in fact, there are often multiple threats working against our forces concurrently. Our army lacks first-hand information from current battlefields, so that the author must make use of mediated experiences. The paper is therefore based upon articles from foreign military magazines, namely Intelligence Synchronization on a Nonlinear Battlefield (Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin 4/2004) and Intelligence in Peacekeeping Operation (International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1/1997). It is not a mere translation or compilation, but ingenious summing up of discussed ideas. In this study, the author thinks over intelligence synchronization and proposes a new way of looking at it. Methodology heads from priority intelligence requirements towards specific information requirements, via indicators, and so on. The purpose of intelligence synchronization is to focus efforts to build, refine, or clarify the commander's understanding of the battlefield and the threat.

After the communist coup détat in 1948, although formally independent, the Czechoslovak army was subordinated under the General Staff of the Soviet Army. Following the year 1960, its inner life was directed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), in fact by the Military Commission, headed by the First Secretary KSČ. Overall militarization of Czech society was even higher than e.g. in Poland, because in case of military conflict, our territory was supposed to play the role of main European theatre of war. In time of the so-called reform movement in the late 60's, there were some trends to release close ties with the Soviet Union, but at the same time the leading political and military authorities tried to place Soviet forces in Czech territory to strengthen Russian position in arms reduction talks with the US, so that the Soviet Union could boost its units at the borders with People's China. The author compares those events with the recent ones, after November 1989, and following processes of introducing civil control in the forces, their reduction, transformation, and professionalization. He quotes names and works of authors occupied with this theme.

General View by Doc. Dr. Jiří Nedbal, CSc. When we prepare activities/exercises of military units, we can make use of theory of asymetric information that offers wide scope of decision variants. We can use PERT method which is not very difficult to understand. This can help us to disclose hidden reserves, sources, problems. We also could take over experience from other armies. It is important now, when percentage allocated from defence budged is still shrinking.

This article deals with the problem of pursuing 3E policy in Czech MoD. The article shows how helpful it can be for the management of MoD to systemize activities under MoD control to shape the defence programmes as a 3Eprogram. In our forces, even though we have introduced PPBS (Planning, Programming and Budgeting System), still we need other means to shape effectively state defence. The author recommends to organize activities and related elements into seven groups in order that we can judge the impact of functionality of those programmes and its respective 3E, taking into account specific activities realized e.g. by outsourcing or by some other kind of personal substitution. He underlines the importance of proper defence programmes for decisionmaking process in MoD.

In November 2006, there was the international conference organized by the Defence University Brno "Tactics 2006". This article is based upon several presentations held at this conference and presents main ideas in this field. They are as follows: validity of management assumptions in the 21st century (changes), new trends in management styles and their application in military science, current state of management schooling at military schools, possible directions and perspectives of management education. Military management covers not only classical managerial subjects, but comprises rich spectrum of items commanders might use, including e.g. knowledge of etiquette. Now we are familiarized with recent trends and it is only upon us to introduce them into practice, so that graduates from military schools could use them in practice.

Wastes resulted from military exercise and their negative influences are imminent risks for our environment. To eliminate this, first we have to make the classification of wastes and secondly their index evaluation. The indexing can frame negative potential influence of wastes even before actual start of the exercise, so that we can evaluate negative impacts and arrange preventive measures beforehand. With using tablets and charts, the article depicts the process of classification and index appraisal of wastes, originating during military exercise. The method is being developed at the Defence University in Brno and was presented in front of Environmental Training Working Group (NTG/ ASG) and consulted with individual representative of Alliance nations. However Hazard Impact Index method is developed for testing purpose within a mechanised company of the Czech Ground Forces, ACR. Another step is the creation of algorithm for the conversion of index values for higher organic units and levels of the Army of the Czech Republic.

Chinese test shows that the Chinese military can threaten the imaging reconnaissance satellites operated by the U. S., Japan, Russia, Israel and Europe. Among others, Aviation Week, Defence Technology etc. report that the test signifies a major new Chinese military capability. China's growing military space capability is one major reason why the US is going to develop a new space policy. Such a policy is to be designed to ensure that US space capabilities are protected in a time of increasing challenges and threats. remove nuclear weapons from Europe. As the alternative to American nuclear weapons they offer forming European nuclear forces, consisting mostly or exclusively of Britain and France potentials. Nevertheless, most of European states ask the US to keep nuclear weapons on European continent. NATO nuclear strategy is still valid: atomic arsenals represent an effective deterrence against the weapons of mass destruction, whoever might use them. fl Potential Deployment of Snipers in ACR Operations by Maj. Ing. Josef Ručka, Ph.D. The article deals with duties of a sniper and a military observer, sharp shooting at long distances, movement at areas in which operations are being carried out. Snipers are trained marksmen who are specialized in sniping the enemy. They are usually sited away form the main force, so that they can concentrate on shooting at selected targets instead of being drawn into general firefight. They are also less likely to be affected when the main force comes under artillery fire. The modern sniper is not alone, he is usually employed in team of two. The author also describes rifles and other weapons and equipments snipers are armed. The article is supplemented by graphs and tablets.

The forces are intended to fulfil combat missions and therefore even the deployment of WMD can't prevent the units from accomplishing combat tasks. They can't stop fighting and leave contaminated areas. The article deals with collective protection of persons in combat vehicles and mobile logistic means of ground forces against effects of chemical, biological and radioactive warfare agents. Optimal solution of vehicle air supply regulation is continuous measuring of CO2 level in the protected space air and simultaneously optimalization of overpressure in vehicle. Needless overpressure eventuates in higher filtered air supply, which shorten service lifetime of collective filter. Newly ratified Czech State Norm ČOS 414001 contains new standardization requirements. For specific situations, this standard allows in the air supplied to the vehicle interior certain levels of CO2 volume. Maximum value of 2,5 % ± 0,5 % is acceptable only for emergency situations, when crew survival concerns. The article describes NBC filter FVZ98M, i.e. filtration and ventilation device, intended for combat vehicle crew protection. Correctness of the principles was proved true by computer simulations.

The basic pillar of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction is the obligation of the States Parties of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to eliminate chemical weapons and facilities for their production within the year of 2007. The 11th Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons took place in the Hague (5-8 December 2006). The Conference evaluated the present course of the destruction of chemical weapons and approved requests for extensions of the final date for the destruction of the declared chemical weapons stockpiles for all State Parties-owners of chemical weapons. It remains questionable whether such extension accomplishes the original goal of the Convention - to eliminate the chemical weapons around the globe.

Based on their previous experience, the authors ponder professional soldiers? rational behaviour and decision-making process in the Army. The authors say that such behaviour is possible even on the lowest command levels, supposing several fundamental conditions are fulfilled. Every commander ought to evaluate the situation independently, unbiased, he ought to judge the impact of his decision on all parties involved and to settle actual eventualities. This process is set into military surrounding. This is a place of specific character that reflects the structure of special military relations. The higher level of command, the higher level of rationality of decisions. But, the superiors should bear in mind that even their subordinates might share decision-making process.