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The security environment is permanently changing. A national set of risks has increased after joining the EU and NATO and EU enlargement. The Czech Republic is obligated to integrate national security capabilities into NATO and the EU. To fulfil its responsibility, the Czech Republic ought to use the capabilities-based planning for further transformation of national security sector. This NATO concept ought to be in use not only within the MoD, but also at other ministries tied or responsible for national security. The national security sector must be planed, programmed, budgeted and transformed like a body. The article deals with the problem of unifying security concepts across Czech public administration. The author points out that our operational capabilities are influenced among others by the lack of labour force at the Czech national labour market.

There are many items in American foreign policy the Europeans do not agree, namely its tendency towards "strong world leadership". On the other hand, the Americans would prefer stronger Europe, namely in time of world's economic crisis when US defence expenditures are practically frozen, and when pre-emptive strategy by president Bush exhausted most of American sources. Even the Europeans feel that they should profile themselves as independent, strong power, but their Common Foreign and Security Policy is still more political declaration than really military strategy. Many security experts suggest that the Lisbon Treaty excludes NATO membership as far as questions concerning defence are concerned. NATO alliance still expects new strategy that ought to be approved in December 2010. The authors predict the necessity to strengthen the so-called Second Pillar of the EU, as the United States are going to be more oriented towards cooperation with Japan, South Korea and Australia. We must bear it in mind, drawing up long-term visions of Czech Security policy.

To fulfil Czech obligation as an EU Battle Group Framework Nation according to the regulating document EU BG Training and Certification, the Czech Army is to certify that the CZE/SVK Battle Group EU meet the standards and criteria stated in Standards and Criteria for EU BG. It is recommended that the CZE/SVK Battle Group EU certification process should be analogous with NATO Response Force (NRF) certification procedure and practical methods. Further it is suggested that the CZE/SVK Battle Group EU certification procedure is divided into several evaluation procedures: preparation planning evaluation, war-fighting evaluation, and technical evaluation. Each procedure will be developed by specialized teams with representatives in the sub-working group to ensure that the different procedures harmonize. The views expressed in this assessment are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of EU Military Structure or the Czech Ministry of Defence. All information and data for this paper were drawn from unclassified sources. The written sources are listed in the matrix above.

The purpose of this report is to imagine the unthinkable of the worst case scenario for the global future post-modern society. The analysis addresses the main features of global risk society, human suffering, and loss of life from natural catastrophes, man-made catastrophes, economic losses, peak-oilcrises impacts, threat of terrorism, radical Islam, fragile states, etc. Important are the consequences of the end of the Vestfal system and global climate change. There is substantial evidence to indicate that significant global warming will occur during the 21st century. The research suggests that once temperature rises above some threshold, adverse weather conditions could develop relatively abruptly. Drought persists for most of the decade in critical agricultural regions and in the water resource regions for major population centres in Europe. As fertility shrivels, societies get older-and much of Europe are set to get older than any functioning societies have ever been. To avoid collapse, European nations will need to take immigrants at a rate no stable society ever attempted. Europe will be significantly more Islamic.

In the early 21st century defence research can be discussed in two ways: we can stay either within existing discipline "theory of state defence", or we can set up new academic specialization concentrating more on the notion "security" and its individual aspects, including their inner ties. In the former case, there are spheres in which civil and military experts can complement each other, whereas other spheres of studies ought to stay exclusively in the domain of military experts. Mutual cooperation between civilian and military experts can be concentrated on systematic studies of security threats, predictions of potential conflicts, analyses of security cooperation between the Czech Republic and NATO, the EU and the OSCE, economy support of state defence. On the contrary, military specialist ought to focus on e.g. major regional conflicts, low intensity conflicts, military operations other than war. As the term "security science" is not used in NATO nations, the author suggests, it would be more useful to preserve academic discipline "defence theory" to make full use of military experts.

In Czechoslovakia, the "labour camps" came into existence under the Act 247 of October 25, 1948. They were camps for those who had not committed any crime, but ought to have been isolated from other civilian public. The sentences: "... the said person has no positive attitude to current regime" or "shows no interest in joining the Communist Party" constituted the reasons for 10 to 24 months of imprisonment. "Offenders" were not sent to labour camps by courts, but only under the prescription issued by "prescription committee", at the level of local and regional "national authorities". A total of 23,000 people went through those camps, as a cheap labour force, taken from among "class enemies". The special position among those camps had military camp of hard labour Mírov, designated for the former commissioned and warrant officers who fought during WWII not only on western but also on eastern fronts. In 1949-1950, there were six roundups (Action D) in which the former "bourgeois" officers were arrested by mixed teams of State Security and Military Intelligence guards; in fact, many times even in the contradiction with the then effective laws and regulations.

Main focus of this article is laid on the digitalization of battlefield, command and control, Network-Enabled Capability (NEC) implementation, organization structures transformation brought about by the 21st Century Soldier concept and its economic implications. Based on this topic, the authors present mobile sensor system as a result of research being done in the Military Management and Tactics Department, University of Defence Brno.

Arms-importing countries often ask their suppliers to "offset" the cost by reinvesting some of the money in their country. The so-called "arms trade offsets" are thought to enhance domestic economic development. Do offsets mitigate or magnify the military burden? This article examines the theory and policy applications of arms trade offsets and looks at some cases (JAS 39 C/D GRIPEN). It will be a useful and enlightening read for those interested in international development economics, military studies and our Czech policy-makers.

Military Intelligence plays important part in national defence, indicating particular kinds of potential threats to the Republic or Allied partners. Its effectiveness mainly consists in evaluating the security situation continuously and in exchanging of intelligence information between our services and the Allies, with the aim to detect any potential threats and to eliminate a possibility of surprise in time. According to Act No. 153/1994, concerning the intelligence services, its activities are strictly limited by law. It gains information from open sources (OSINT), by means of signal intelligence (SIGINT), human intelligence (HUMINT), and by using intelligence equipment and tools (IMINT, imagery intelligence). The author proposes to establish central organizational unit, in order to organize, assess, and evaluate individual intelligence branches, their intelligence support to individual target addressees. It should be allowed to reallocate both material and financial sources in form of proposals, reflecting developments of individual intelligence branches.

This article presents the findings of the survey being done during the evaluation and assessment of EU Battle Groups, their missions, roles, tasks, stemming from the requirements set by the EU Crisis Management Concept. The paper does not discuss in detail variants EU Battle Groups, but concentrates on their historical background, basic characteristics, structure, EU political-military ambitions, scenarios, reaction time, tasks, standards, training and certification, Battle Groups commitments, concept and implementation, achievements. The article also includes recommendations for the Czech Armed Forces that are currently involved in the formation of the EU Battle Group CZE/SVK. This article aims to record progress to date and to indicate challenges ahead. All information and data for this paper were drawn from unclassified sources.

The term "military materiel" covers equipment and supplies, i.e. articles which soldiers need in order to carry out tasks (clothing, radios, tools, weapons, vehicles). Guarding, attendance, maintenance and preservation, transport, storage, cost a lot of money that could be used in another way, so the Czech Army must sell them out. The author quotes legal rules and military manual dealing with this matter. He differentiates between solely military items (weapon systems) and those that may be used for civilian purposes. Unfortunately, military manuals do not precisely specify those categories. At the end he demands developing legal norms giving a definition of military materiel, including the list of such materiel, in a form e.g. an amendment, which could be updated every year.

This work deals with the selection of candidates for Czech armed forces, with particular emphasis on their aptitude for professional military service in the ACR. Their age is also one of the distinct features influencing the result of selection procedures. The goal of this work is to assess the results of psychological tests of selected group of candidates (aged between 20-29 years and over 40) and their relation to age. This work entails theoretical as well as a practical concept in the form of quantitative survey. The theoretical part acquaints with the basic theoretical facts and specifications pertaining to military service. There is a detailed description of the selection process of suitability of the candidates for military service, especially psychological compatibility, differentiation of the stages of maturity and characterization of the maturity level in each. The practical part serves to introduce the observational survey. It analyses results of the psychological tests and presents the ascertained correlation between age and selected psychological variables.

This is the question asked by the book ?Strategical Governance and the Czech Republic?, published by the Centre of Social and Economic Strategies, Social Science Faculty, Charles University Prague, in which also the Centre for Security Policy participates. The opening sentence says that humankind is not able to control itself. The team of authors guide us through individual items dealing with world?s political and economy situations, plans for economy growth, security and defence concepts, forming supranational security structures and finally towards depressing destiny of adopted strategy concepts and plans. If Czech leadership has any deficiency, then it is a lack of strategical dimension, concludes the reviewer.

The purpose of this article is to offer readers rather different look at the Czech Security system as that was presented in Vojenské rozhledy No 1, 2007, in an essay by dr. Rašek "Creation of the Foundations of Security Science", in which its author enumerates relevant institutions in Czech society, civilian or armed, involved in this complex security system. It is the definition of security that causes that Mr. Krulík adds other security elements and amends security system by references to basic law and legal norms that are in the background of this system. Even simple summary indicates that our security system is too complicated, tangled, without balance. It is a static picture of institutions, the validity of which could be proved only in practice. It is evident that security process should be more dynamic, as its suitability and effectiveness can be only proved face to face crisis situations. This problem is tied to the question of military expenses. Mr. Krulík hopes that further budget cuts in public sector will produce drawing up real concept of security system.

In the last few years, the Czech Republic has been undergoing deep social changes in which the Army of the CR plays an important role. The soldiers risk their health and even lives, therefore they should take advantage of all benefits offered by state social security. Their professional career, promotions and advances must be taken in account when they are leaving the military service. On the other side, we must also reflect economic capacities of the Czech Republic. The authors enumerate all conditions to be fulfilled, so that soldiers were entitled for veteran benefits, together with the history of various benefits, the ways they used to be handled in the past. Legal adaptations are not systematic solutions. As we have no special law on public service, from which veteran benefits ought to be deduced, we have no general base for proper legal amendments, now being discussed.

Based on their previous experience, the authors ponder professional soldiers? rational behaviour and decision-making process in the Army. The authors say that such behaviour is possible even on the lowest command levels, supposing several fundamental conditions are fulfilled. Every commander ought to evaluate the situation independently, unbiased, he ought to judge the impact of his decision on all parties involved and to settle actual eventualities. This process is set into military surrounding. This is a place of specific character that reflects the structure of special military relations. The higher level of command, the higher level of rationality of decisions. But, the superiors should bear in mind that even their subordinates might share decision-making process.

First, we must define applied terms, such as state of danger, emergency, state of state emergency, state of war, sovereignty, democratic principles. Our national reserve consists of compulsory reserves and active reserves. The author enumerates with the use of vast tablets and charts their numbers, together with numbers of military occupational specialities, and explains terms extraordinary service in time of eminent danger, during military exercises, in time of proclaimed state of emergency. He also cites numbers available for conscription (draft). Last but not least, he quotes arguments and conditions under which a reserve soldier can refuse call up order. Defence Act specifies all conditions of national military service, which also includes calling up women, except for those who are e.g. pregnant or are raising children up to age of 15 years.

The proposals of systems approach are sometimes met with a negative acceptance. While solving difficult problems, army members exploit mere practical approaches and they proved to be successful. For that reason the author offers a short glimpse into systems thinking, as necessary starting point for pinpointing the cause of current difficulties. The system is any collection of component elements that work together to perform a task. In economic science, system is used in a variety of contexts. Military cost-effective system can be an essential programme that manage Planning Programming and Budgeting System, flexibly reacting to emerging military challenges resulting from new budget rules (based upon NATO doctrines). One of possible causes of disproportionate and undesirable reactions are wrongly set systems rules, e.g. in market systems manifested by the so-called risks factors. In the forces, the same position ought to be held by unified systems rules, taking into account individual economic subsystems (billing systems, spending elements, etc.), harmonizing them in terms of general independent economic principles.

Even though we use those terms very often, there is an ambiguity and unclearness in their usage, so the author tries to lay down their definitions first. He deals with the following terms: physical violence, harassment, psychological violence, staffing. Bullying (in the U.S. called "employee abuse" is a coverage terms for mobbing and bossing. Both mobbing and bossing carry over for a long time, it must last at minimum for half a year. They are more sophisticated than bullying that takes place mostly in simple communities, such as military, schools, or prisons. The primary law guarantees equal rights for all citizens is the Act No. 2/1993, introducing the Bill of Rights as an indispensable part of the Constitution of the Czech Republic. The author enumerates laws that protect rights of Czech citizens. In the armed forces an injured person could request for help at the Inspection of Defence Minister. In this institution there is a Humane Rights Section that is the highest control authority within the Czech armed forces. At the end of this essay there are several recommendations how to prevent and solve symptoms and indications of mobbing, bossing and harassment.

This article is a sequel to the previous disputes over financial management within the Czech Armed Forces. The origins of the first polemic article lay in gaining facts for research work, arranged by the Faculty of Economics and Management, Defence University, "Allocation and Management of Defence Sources of the CR and the Formation of Economic Thinking in the ACR". The system of planning, programming and budgeting (PPBS) was introduced into Czech forces several years ago, but the it did not worked in a way it was supposed. There were many deficiencies the PPB system suffered from. Unfortunately, the author lacks sufficient data to evaluate properly the performance of this system. He has to combine diverse data sources, booklets, statistics, data releases, to make accurate picture of a day-to-day financial military administration. In his opinion, the system is not transparent enough. He appeals for clear figures, released e.g. on army interned pages, to avert accusation of wasting public sources ...168

In today's conflicts, such as the Global War on Terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan, the threat is more difficult to define; in fact, there are often multiple threats working against our forces concurrently. Our army lacks first-hand information from current battlefields, so that the author must make use of mediated experiences. The paper is therefore based upon articles from foreign military magazines, namely Intelligence Synchronization on a Nonlinear Battlefield (Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin 4/2004) and Intelligence in Peacekeeping Operation (International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1/1997). It is not a mere translation or compilation, but ingenious summing up of discussed ideas. In this study, the author thinks over intelligence synchronization and proposes a new way of looking at it. Methodology heads from priority intelligence requirements towards specific information requirements, via indicators, and so on. The purpose of intelligence synchronization is to focus efforts to build, refine, or clarify the commander's understanding of the battlefield and the threat.

Developing Czech national defence system is based on long-term predictions of potential security threatsandplanningofresourcesavailablefordefence, including defence spending plans. This paper analyses the issue of current value of defence expenditures. It attempts to give an answer to the question whether defence requires a specific price index or if common civilian indicators like GDP deflator or consumer price index can be used in defence.

Using the example of medium-term planning of development and activities of defence department, the article demonstrates one of possible ways of using the so-called 3E methods. The Czech def inition of 3E is based upon the Act on Financial Control, Control of Public Expenditures, Regulation ISO 9001-2001, and Methodical Instruction MF CR (CHJ- 10). The author compares them with e.g. Financial Management Policy Manual JSP 462, MoD, London, UK.

While evaluating spending activities of defence department, it is required to make an audit of results and outputs, besides ordinary accounting and documentation controls. This standard is defined by the European directive for the implementation of audit standards INTOSAI. The author, who is an expertmember in various economy commissions, can seriously declare that the Czech Army is a pioneer institution in the field of monitoring public expenses, namely in comparison with civilian spending ministries.

Czech MoD has to be economical with resources provided from the state budget. The article deals with the distribution and structure of state budget in relation to MoD itemized summary of expected income and expenditures. The authoress discusses several patterns used in this field, e.g. costminimization analysis, or assessing the total amount of money allocated for a specific purpose during a specified period. She also points to several unintended mistakes done by MoD officials.