Vojenské Rozhledy

Czech Military Review

Vojenské rozhledy / Czech Military Review Nr. 3/2022, Vol. XXXI. (LXIII.): 101-120 | DOI: 10.3849/2336-2995.31.2022.03.101-120

Relevance of Transactional Leadership in Czech Armed Forces: Case of Military StudentsReviewed - Research

Jakub Stříbrný Author profileORCID..., František Milichovský Author profileORCID..., Veronika Koleňáková Author profileORCID..., Lenka Čadová Author profileORCID...

Leadership and its styles have been in the spotlight for many years. The changing military environment and demands on army readiness bring new questions and perspectives to leadership. Leaders now face constant changes and specifications of the new modern era. Concerning these changes and transformations in society and the Army, there are new demands on soldiers and leaders at all levels of the Army of the Czech Republic. This paper provides insight and muse about both transactional and transformational leadership styles and investigates an approach to these styles by Czech military students. This paper aims to identify what leadership style Czech military students prefer at the University of Defence. This research focused on evaluating the personal characteristics required for a leadership position. To verify the relevance of the gained results, we employed paired t-test.

Keywords: Transformational Approach; Leadership; Factor Analysis; Leader Development; Soldiers

Published: September 15, 2022  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Stříbrný, J., Milichovský, F., Koleňáková, V., & Čadová, L. (2022). Relevance of Transactional Leadership in Czech Armed Forces: Case of Military Students. Czech Military Review, 103(3), 101-120. doi: 10.3849/2336-2995.31.2022.03.101-120
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. FM 6-22, 2015. Army leadership. Washington D.C.: Headquarters Department of the Army. [accessed on 16.04.2021]. Retrieved from https://www.milsci.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.mili.d7/files/sitefiles/fm6_22.pdf
    2. CEJTHAMR, V., and J. DĚDINA, 2010. Management a organizační chování. 2. aktualiz. a rozš. vyd. Praha: Grada Publishing.
    3. MAŠLEJ, M., 2010. Styly vedení a chyby mladých velitelů-manažerů po nástupu do praxe. Vojenské rozhledy, 19(51), 3, 135-140, ISSN 1210-3292
    4. VODÁČEK, L., and O. VODÁČKOVÁ. Management :teorie a praxe 80. a 90. let. 1. vyd. Praha: Management Press, 1994. 257 s. ISBN 80-85603-55-1.
    5. ANDERSON, D., L. ACKERMAN ANDERSON, 2010. Beyond change management: how to achieve breakthrough results through conscious change leadership. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
    6. SMILJANIC, D., 2016. Transformational Military Leadership -Requirements, Characteristics and Development. Vojenské rozhledy - Czech Military Review, 25(extra issue), 18-48. 10.3849/2336- 2995.25.2016.05.018-048. Go to original source...
    7. ARMY CZECH REPUBLIC. 2004. Doctrine ACR. [accessed on 16.04.2021]. Retrieved from https://www.unob.cz/fvz/struktura/k302/Documents/Doktrina_ACR.pdf
    8. SHARMA, L., K. E. MARKON, and L. A. CLARK, 2014. Toward a theory of distinct types of "impulsive" behaviours: A meta-analysis of self-report and behavioural measures. Psychological Bulletin, 140(2), 374-408. 10.1037/a0034418 Go to original source...
    9. UM, M., A. R., HERSHBERGER, Z. T. WHITT, and M. A. CYDERS, 2018. Recommendations for applying a multi-dimensional model of impulsive personality to diagnosis and treatment. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 5(1), 1-17. 10.1186/s40479-018-0084-x Go to original source...
    10. BĚLOHLÁVEK, F., 2000. Jak řídit a vést lidi. 2. doplněné vyd. Praha: Computer Press.
    11. BASS, B. M., 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
    12. ŘEZANKOVÁ, H., 2010. Analýza dat z dotazníkových šetření. 2.vyd. Praha: Professional Publishing.
    13. KUNDEROVÁ, P., 2004. Úvod do teorie pravděpodobnosti a matematické statistiky. 2.vyd. Olomouc: Universita Palackého.
    14. BUDÍKOVÁ, M., M. KRÁLOVÁ, and B. MAROŠ, 2010. Průvodce základními statistickými metodami. Praha: Grada Publishing.
    15. TARNANIDIS, T., N. OWUSU-FRIMPONG, S. NWANKWO, and M. OMAR, 2015. A confirmatory factor analysis of consumer styles inventory: Evidence from Greece. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 164-177. 10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.07.001 Go to original source...
    16. CONTI, G., S. FRÜHWIRTH-SCHNATTER, J. J. HECKMAN, and R. PIATEK, 2014. Bayesian exploratory factor analysis. Journal of Econometrics, 183(1), 31-57. 10.1016/j.jeconom.2014.06.008 Go to original source...
    17. HRACH, K., and J. MIHOLA, 2006. Metodické přístupy ke konstrukci souhrnných ukazatelů. Statistika, 86, 398-418.
    18. ŘEHÁK, J., and O. BROM, 2016. SPSS: Praktická příručka. Brno: Computer Press.
    19. CRONBACH, L. J., 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 1951, 16(3), 297-334. 10.1007/BF02310555 Go to original source...
    20. HINTON, P. R., I. McMURRAY, and C. BROWNLOW, 2004. SPSS explained. London: Routledge. Go to original source...
    21. FRIES, A., N. KAMMERLANDER, and M. LEITTERSTORF, 2021. Leadership styles and leadership behaviors in family firms: A systematic literature review. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 12(1), 1-16. 10.1016/j.jfbs.2020.100374 Go to original source...
    22. SORENSON, R. L., 2000. The contribution of leadership style and practices to family and business success. Family Business Review, 13(3), 183-200. 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2000.00183.x Go to original source...
    23. ANGUS-LEPPAN, T., L. METCALF, and S. BENN, 2009. Leadership Styles and CSR Practice: An Examination of Sense making, Institutional Drivers and CSR Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 189-213. 10.1007/s10551-009-0221-y Go to original source...
    24. CHANGAR, M. and T. ATAN, 2021. The role of transformational and transactional leadership approaches on environmental and ethical aspects of CSR. Sustainability, 13(3), 1411. 10.3390/su13031411 Go to original source...
    25. ARMSTRONG, M., T. STEPHENS, 2008. Management a leadership. Praha: Grada publishing.
    26. DU, S., V. SWAEN, A. LINDGREEN, and S. SEN, 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 114, 155-169. 10.1007/s10551-012-1333-3 Go to original source...
    27. MESSICK, D. M., et al., 2004. The psychology of leadership: New perspectives and research. Psychology Press. Go to original source...
    28. NORTHOUSE, P. G., 2013. Leadership: theory and practice. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
    29. STEIGAUF, S., 2011. Vůdcovství, aneb, Co vás na Harvardu nenaučí. Praha: Grada publishing.
    30. REAVE, L., 2005. Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 655-687. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.003 Go to original source...
    31. BASS, B. M., 1990 From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. 10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S Go to original source...
    32. CONGER, J. A. and R. N. KANUNGO, 1994. Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 439-452. 10.1002/job.4030150508 Go to original source...
    33. BASS, B. M., 2006. Transformational leadership. 2nd ed. New York: Psychology Press. Go to original source...
    34. MARQUES, J., 2015. The changed leadership landscape: what matters today. Journal of Management Development, 34(10), 1310-1322. 10.1108/JMD-02-2015-0010 Go to original source...
    35. BANKS, G. C., ENGEMANN, K. N., WILLIAMS, C. E., GOOTY, J., MCCAULEY, K. D., and M. R. MEDAUGH, 2017. A meta-analytic review and future research agenda of charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(4), 508-529. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.12.003 Go to original source...
    36. LOVELACE, J. B., B. H. NEELY, J. B. ALLEN, and S. T. HUNTER, 2019. Charismatic, ideological, & pragmatic (CIP) model of leadership: A critical review and agenda for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 96-110. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.001 Go to original source...
    37. DAI, Y.-D., Y.-Y. DAI, K.-Y. CHEN, and H.-CH. WU, 2013. Transformational vs transactional leadership: which is better? A study on employees of international tourist hotels in Taipei City. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), 760-778. 10.5176/2251-3426_THoR1249 Go to original source...
    38. NORTHOUSE, P. G., 2013. Leadership: theory and practice. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
    39. AWAMLEH, R., J. EVANS, and A. MAHATE, 2005. A test of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employees' satisfaction and performance in the UAE banking sector. Journal of Comparative International Management, 8(1), 3-19.
    40. VAN WART, M., and N. KAPUCU, 2011. Crisis management competencies: The case of emergency managers in the USA. Public Management Review, 13(4), 489-511. 10.1080/14719037.2010.525034 Go to original source...
    41. BASS, B. M., 1990 From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. 10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S Go to original source...
    42. SCHVAB, K., 2016. The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. World Economic Forum. [accessed on 16.04.2021]. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/
    43. KOLEŇÁK, J., ULLRICH, D., AMBROZOVÁ, E., POKORNÝ, V., 2019. Critical thinking and leadership in industry 4.0 environment. In: International Business Information Management Association Conference, 1826-1836.
    44. STOKES, J. and S. DOPSON, 2020. The five capabilities of Leadership 4.0. [accessed on 16.04.2021]. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/oxford-answers/five-capabilities-leadership-40
    45. SCHULTZ, D., J. MARIANI, I. JENKINS, and L. RAYMOND, 2018. Military readiness: How emerging technologies can transform defense capabilities. Deloitte Insights. [accessed on 16.04.2021]. Retrieved from https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/4645_Military-readiness/DI_Military-readiness.pdf
    46. DVOŘÁKOVÁ, L., J. HORÁK, Z. CAHA, V. MACHOVÁ, S. HAŠKOVÁ, Z. ROWLAND, and T. KRULICKÝ, 2021. Adaptation of small and medium-sized enterprises in the service sector to the conditions of Industry 4.0 and Society 4.0: Evidence from the Czech Republic. Economic Annals-XXI, 191(7-8(1)), 67-87. 10.21003/ea.V191-06 Go to original source...
    47. KOH, W. L., R. M. STEERS, and J. R. TERBORG, 19959. The effects of transformational leadership of teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(4), 319-333. 10.1002/job.4030160404 Go to original source...
    48. AVOLIO, B. J. and W. L. GARDNER, 2005. Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315-338. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001 Go to original source...
    49. BĚLOHLÁVEK, F., 2000. Jak řídit a vést lidi. 2. doplněné vyd. Praha: Computer Press.
    50. SALAHUDDIN, M. M., 2010. Generational differences impact on leadership style and organizational success. Journal of Diversity Management, 5(2), 1-6. 10.19030/jdm.v5i2.805 Go to original source...
    51. KIRKBRIDE, P., 2006. Developing transformational leaders: the full range leadership model in action. Industrial and Commercial Training, 38(1), 23-32. 10.1108/00197850610646016 Go to original source...
    52. LIEVENS, P., P. VAN GEIT, and P. COETSIER, 1997. Identification of transformational leadership qualities: An examination of potential biases. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6(4), 415-430. 10.1080/135943297399015 Go to original source...
    53. AVOLIO, B. J. and B. M. BASS, 2004. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Redwood City: Mind Garden.
    54. OXARART, R. A. and J. D. HOUGHTON, 2021. Spoonful of sugar: Gamification as means for enhancing employee self-leadership and self-concordance at work. Administrative Sciences, 11(2), 1-16. 10.3390/admsci11020035 Go to original source...
    55. DARTEY-BAAH, K., 2015. Resilient leadership: A transformational-transactional leadership mix. Journal of Global Responsibility, 6(1), 99-112. 10.1108/JGR-07-2014-0026 Go to original source...
    56. PROCHÁZKA, J., M. VACULÍK, and P. SMUTNÝ, 2013. Psychologie efektivního leadershipu. Praha: Grada Publishing.
    57. GRABO, A., B. R. SPISAK, and M. VAN VUGT, 2017. Charisma as a signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(4): 473-485. 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001 Go to original source...
    58. MAYKRANTZ, S. A., L. A. LANGLINAIS, J. D. HOUGHTON, and CH. P. NECK, 2021. Self-Leadership and Psychological Capital as Key Cognitive Resources for Shaping Health-Protective Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Administrative Sciences, 11(2), 1-14. 10.3390/admsci11020041 Go to original source...
    59. ULLRICH, D., AMBROZOVÁ, E., SEKANINA, J., 2020. Psychophysical fitness as one of the prerequisites for future commanders - Leaders in the security environment. In Vision 2020: Sustainable Economic Development and Application of Innovation Management from Regional expansion to Global Growth, 1824-1830.
    60. ULLRICH, D., POKORNÝ, V. AMBROZOVÁ, E., 2020. Leadership, Situational and Systemic Critical Thinking. Vision 2020: Sustainable Economic Development and Application of Innovation Management from Regional expansion to Global Growth, 1323-1332.
    61. SALIGER, R., V. POKORNÝ, and E. PINDEŠOVÁ, 2010. Kognitivní management. Brno: Univerzita obrany.
    62. TOMKINS, L., J. HARTLEY, and A. BRISTOW, 2020. Asymmetries of leadership: Agency, response and reason. Leadership, 16(1), 87-106. 10.1177/1742715019885768 Go to original source...
    63. PAPARONE, CH. R., and J. A. CRUPI, 2002. Janusian Thinking and Acting. Military Review, (1), 38-47.
    64. KOSTROŇ, L., 1997. Psychologie usuzování - teorie a metodologie Egona Brunswika, K.R. Hammonda a jejich následovníků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
    65. HAMMOND, R. K., 2000. Judgments under stress. New York: Oxford University Press. Go to original source...
    66. LESCHER, W. K., 2008. Taking risks-An uncertain strategic environment demands thoughtful risk-taking. Armed Forces Journal, 27.
    67. BÖRJESSON, M., J. ÖSTERBERG, and A. ENANDER, 2015. Risk propensity within the military: a study of Swedish officers and soldiers. Journal of Risk Research, 18(1), 55-68. 10.1080/13669877.2013.879489 Go to original source...
    68. SCHWEIGER, S., B. MÜLLER, and W. H. GÜTTEL, 2020. Barriers to leadership development: Why is it so difficult to abandon the hero? Leadership, 16(4), 411-433. 10.1177/1742715020935742 Go to original source...
    69. TARNANIDIS, T., N. OWUSU-FRIMPONG, S. NWANKWO, and M. OMAR, 2015. A confirmatory factor analysis of consumer styles inventory: Evidence from Greece. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 164-177. 10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.07.001 Go to original source...
    70. CONTI, G., S. FRÜHWIRTH-SCHNATTER, J. J. HECKMAN, and R. PIATEK, 2014. Bayesian exploratory factor analysis. Journal of Econometrics, 183(1), 31-57. 10.1016/j.jeconom.2014.06.008 Go to original source...
    71. CRONBACH, L. J., 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 1951, 16(3), 297-334. 10.1007/BF02310555 Go to original source...
    72. ŘEHÁK, J., and O. BROM, 2016. SPSS: Praktická příručka. Brno: Computer Press.
    73. SAIBERT, R., ŠTĚPÁNEK, P. 2020. Officer's competencies. Vojenské rozhledy, 29(1), 51-70. Go to original source...
    74. CENTER FOR ARMY LEADERSHIP. 2013. Commander's handbook for unit leader development.
    75. BĚLOHLÁVEK, F., 2000. Jak řídit a vést lidi. 2. doplněné vyd. Praha: Computer Press.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content